Food Label Evidence

Labelu

A yw Nutri-Score yn newid pryniadau pobl?

Ychydig. Efallai bod yr effaith fwyaf ar weithgynhyrchwyr yn hailfodelu i gael sgôr well, sydd ddim yn hynod o'r ddadl fel arfer.

Diweddarwyd 3 min darllen 40 dyfyniadau Cryfder tystiolaeth 4/5

Trey bwyd ysgol wedi'i rannu sy'n dal grawn, protein, llaeth, llysiau a ffrwythau
U.S. Department of Agriculture · Public domain · Wikimedia Commons

Beth mae'r adolygiadau yn ei ddod o hyd i

Mae adolygiad systematig yn 2025 o effeithiolrwydd Nutri-Score [1] a adolygiad o effaith labelu ar y blaen [4] yn cyd-fynd: mae labeli'n newid prynu yn y cyfeiriad a fwriadwyd, ac mae'r newid yn fach. Mae gwaith dilysu meini prawf [2] yn mynd i gwestiwn gwahanol a chynharach — a yw'r algorithm yn rhestru bwydydd fel y byddai gwyddoniaeth faeth yn ei wneud — ac mae'r ateb yn eang yn ie, gyda achosion ymylol a adwaenir.

Mae'r mynegeion deietegol sy'n sail i'r systemau hyn hefyd wedi cael eu harchwilio [3], sy'n bwysig oherwydd bod algorithm proffilio yn codio beirniadaethau dadleuol am ba faetholion i roi pwysau arnynt.

Effaith labelu ar y blaen

Yr achosion ymylol a adwaenir

Mae beirniaid yn pwyntio at olew olewydd, cnau a chaws yn sgorio'n waeth na'r dealltwriaeth, ac at rai diodydd diet yn sgorio'n dda. Mae rhywfaint o hyn yn deg ac mae rhywfaint yn camddeall y dyluniad: mae Nutri-Score yn cymharu o fewn categori ar sail pob 100 g ac nid yw'n farn ar a yw bwyd yn perthyn i ddeiet iach.

Mae adolygiadau algorithm diweddar wedi mynd i'r afael â nifer o'r achosion hyn. Mae'r pwynt dyfnach yn sefyll: ni all llythyr sengl gofrestru popeth am fwyd, ac mae trin hynny fel pe bai'n gwneud hynny yn gamddefnydd yn hytrach na flaw.

Beth mae honiad iechyd yn ei olygu'n gyfreithiol

Yn yr UE, mae honiadau maeth a iechyd wedi'u rheoleiddio: dim ond honiadau awdurdodedig gyda sylfaen dystiolaeth dderbyniol a all ymddangos, ac mae pob un wedi'i gysylltu â chyflyrau penodol o ddefnydd. "Mae'n cyfrannu at weithrediad imiwnedd normal" yw frawddeg drwyddedig gyda sylfaen benodol, nid prosa marchnata.

Beth nid yw wedi'i reoleiddio yw popeth o'i chwmpas — delweddau, iaith tarddiad, a thermau fel "naturiol" neu "iawn". Mae'r honiad rheoledig yn aml yn y datganiad lleiaf camarweiniol ar y pecyn.

Cwestiynau cyffredin

Ydy Nutri-Score yn gywir?
Mae gwaith dilysu'n canfod ei fod yn graddio bwydydd yn fras yn unol ag ansawdd maethol [2], gydag achosion ymylol ac adolygiadau.
Pam mae olew olewydd yn sgorio'n wael?
Mae'n ddwys o ran ynni ac fe'i sgorir fesul 100 g. Mae'r system yn cymharu o fewn categorïau yn hytrach na datgan bod bwydydd yn dda neu'n ddrwg.
Ydy labeli'n newid ymddygiad?
Yn gymedrol [1][4]. Ailfformwleiddio efallai yw'r effaith fwy.
Ddylai Nutri-Score fod yn orfodol yn yr UE?
Cwestiwn gwleidyddol. Mae'r dystiolaeth yn cefnogi 'mae'n helpu ychydig ac nid yw'n gwneud niwed', sy'n achos gwannach na'r hyn y mae'r naill garfan na'r llall yn ei wneud.
Arddangosfa ffrwythau a llysiau oer mewn siop groser yn Stockholm
Frankie Fouganthin · CC BY-SA 4.0 · Wikimedia Commons

Darllen cysylltiedig

Y dystiolaeth y tu ôl i'r dudalen hon Bar wedi'i phentyrru sy'n dangos cyfansoddiad y 40 cyhoeddiad a grybwyllir ar y dudalen hon yn ôl math astudiaeth. 1622meta-analysis (16)randomised trial (22)review (2)
40 cyhoeddiadau, 2002–2026. Mae hynny'n gymysgedd sy'n cynnwys y ddau dreial a synthese, sy'n sefyllfa lle mae honiad am achos yn rhesymol. Ffynhonnell: rhestr dyfynnu'r dudalen hon ei hun, isod.

Cyfeiriadau

Mae pob dyfyniad isod yn cysylltu â'r cofrestr adolygedig cyfoes gwreiddiol ar PubMed neu trwy DOI. Nid yw dim yma yn gymhwysedd ar gyfer cyngor meddygol.

  1. Efficacy of phytosterols for reduction of cardiometabolic risk factors: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses and updated dose-response meta-analyses of randomized trials Zurbau A, Haintz L, Chen V, et al. · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2026 · Meta-analysis DOIPubMed 42275989
  2. Nutri-Score effectiveness in improving consumers' nutrition literacy, food choices, health, and healthy eating pattern adherence: A systematic review Muzzioli L, Scenna D, Frigerio F, et al. · Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · 2025 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 40712552
  3. Criterion validation of nutrient profiling systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis Barrett EM, Afrin H, Rayner M, et al. · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024 · Meta-analysis DOIPubMed 37863430
  4. Dietary indices underpinning front-of-pack nutrition labels and health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies Montericcio A, Bonaccio M, Ghulam A, et al. · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024 · Meta-analysis DOIPubMed 38145705
  5. The Potential Effectiveness of Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labeling for Improving Population Diets Kelly B, Ng SH, Carrad A, et al. · Annual review of nutrition · 2024 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 38857543
  6. The Potential Effectiveness of Nutrient Declarations and Nutrition and Health Claims for Improving Population Diets Kelly B, Ng SH, Carrad A, et al. · Annual review of nutrition · 2024 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 38857539
  7. Impact of front-of-pack nutrition labelling in consumer understanding and use across socio-economic status: A systematic review Shrestha A, Cullerton K, White KM, et al. · Appetite · 2023 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 37169260
  8. Lifestyle, psychological and socio-demographic drivers in functional food choice: a systematic literature review based on bibliometric and network analysis Zanchini R, Di Vita G, Brun F · International journal of food sciences and nutrition · 2022 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 35264074
  9. A Systematic Review of Salt Reduction Initiatives Around the World: A Midterm Evaluation of Progress Towards the 2025 Global Non-Communicable Diseases Salt Reduction Target Santos JA, Tekle D, Rosewarne E, et al. · Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 33693460Full text
  10. Impact of color-coded and warning nutrition labelling schemes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis Song J, Brown MK, Tan M, et al. · PLoS medicine · 2021 · Meta-analysis DOIPubMed 34610024Full text
  11. Health Benefits of Whey or Colostrum Supplementation in Adults ≥35 Years; a Systematic Review Blair M, Kellow NJ, Dordevic AL, et al. · Nutrients · 2020 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 31979025Full text
  12. The relationship between food label use and dietary intake in adults: A systematic review Anastasiou K, Miller M, Dickinson K · Appetite · 2019 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 31010704
  13. Claimed effects, outcome variables and methods of measurement for health claims proposed under European Community Regulation 1924/2006 in the area of blood glucose and insulin concentrations Martini D, Biasini B, Zavaroni I, et al. · Acta diabetologica · 2018 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 29383587
  14. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: functional foods Crowe KM, Francis C · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2013 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 23885705
  15. Review of the efficacy of green tea, isoflavones and aloe vera supplements based on randomised controlled trials Williamson G, Coppens P, Serra-Majem L, et al. · Food & function · 2011 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 21927741
  16. Position of the American Dietetic Association: functional foods Hasler CM, Brown AC · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · 2009 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 19338113
  17. Cow's milk compared to oat drink and its implications for lipid profile- a pilot randomized controlled trial Rosendahl-Riise H, Gravrok EO, Rung SL, et al. · Nutrition journal · 2026 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 41851782Full text
  18. Effectiveness of regular oat β-glucan-enriched bread compared with whole-grain wheat bread on long-term glycemic control in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial Hjorth T, Schadow A, Revheim I, et al. · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 40571100Full text
  19. Nutri-score label influence on food purchase intention depends on consumers' expectations of healthiness Yamim AP, Werle COC · Appetite · 2025 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 39827945
  20. Do financial constraint and perceived stress modify the effects of food tax schemes on food purchases: moderation analyses in a virtual supermarket experiment Djojosoeparto SK, Poelman MP, Eykelenboom M, et al. · Public health nutrition · 2024 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 38224250Full text
  21. A randomized controlled trial to test the effects of displaying the Nutri-Score in food advertising on consumer perceptions and intentions to purchase and consume Courbet D, Jacquemier L, Hercberg S, et al. · The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2024 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 38622707Full text
  22. A Randomized Controlled Study to Test Front-of-Pack (FOP) Nutrition Labels in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Shin S, Alqunaibet AM, Alsukait RF, et al. · Nutrients · 2023 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 37447230Full text
  23. The impact of the nutri-score on food choice: A choice experiment in a Dutch supermarket van den Akker K, Bartelet D, Brouwer L, et al. · Appetite · 2022 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 34453996
  24. Impact of front-of-pack labels on the perceived healthfulness of a sweetened fruit drink: a randomised experiment in five countries Jáuregui A, White CM, Vanderlee L, et al. · Public health nutrition · 2022 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 34726144Full text
  25. Effects of Digital Food Labels on Healthy Food Choices in Online Grocery Shopping Fuchs KL, Lian J, Michels L, et al. · Nutrients · 2022 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 35631185Full text
  26. Secondary Outcomes of a Front-of-Pack-Labelling Randomised Controlled Experiment in a Representative British Sample: Understanding, Ranking Speed and Perceptions Packer J, Russell SJ, Ridout D, et al. · Nutrients · 2022 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 35683988Full text
  27. Labels Affect Food Choices, but in What Ways? Kühne SJ, Reijnen E, Granja G, et al. · Nutrients · 2022 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 35956380Full text
  28. Nutri-Score and NutrInform Battery: Effects on Performance and Preference in Italian Consumers Fialon M, Serafini M, Galan P, et al. · Nutrients · 2022 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 36079769Full text
  29. Impact of different front-of-pack nutrition labels on online food choices Santos O, Alarcão V, Feteira-Santos R, et al. · Appetite · 2020 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 32798050
  30. Understanding of different front-of-package labels by the Spanish population: Results of a comparative study Galan P, Egnell M, Salas-Salvadó J, et al. · Endocrinologia, diabetes y nutricion · 2020 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 31122890
  31. Enhancing the effectiveness of the Health Star Rating via presentation modifications Pettigrew S, Dana L, Talati Z · Australian and New Zealand journal of public health · 2020 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 31777119
  32. Randomized trial evaluating the effectiveness of within versus across-category front-of-package lower-calorie labelling on food demand Finkelstein EA, Ang FJL, Doble B · BMC public health · 2020 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 32164634Full text
  33. Pilot randomized controlled trial testing the influence of front-of-pack sugar warning labels on food demand Ang FJL, Agrawal S, Finkelstein EA · BMC public health · 2019 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 30732609Full text
  34. Acceptability and understanding of front-of-pack nutritional labels: an experimental study in Mexican consumers Vargas-Meza J, Jáuregui A, Contreras-Manzano A, et al. · BMC public health · 2019 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 31888575Full text
  35. The Effect of Randomly Providing Nutri-Score Information on Actual Purchases in Colombia Mora-García CA, Tobar LF, Young JC · Nutrients · 2019 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 30813605Full text
  36. A randomised controlled trial comparing a dietary antiplatelet, the water-soluble tomato extract Fruitflow, with 75 mg aspirin in healthy subjects O'Kennedy N, Crosbie L, Song HJ, et al. · European journal of clinical nutrition · 2017 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 27876806Full text
  37. Prebiotic Potential of a Maize-Based Soluble Fibre and Impact of Dose on the Human Gut Microbiota Costabile A, Deaville ER, Morales AM, et al. · PloS one · 2016 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 26731113Full text
  38. Behavioural effects of directive cues on front-of-package nutrition information: the combination matters! Koenigstorfer J, Wąsowicz-Kiryło G, Styśko-Kunkowska M, et al. · Public health nutrition · 2014 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 23954043Full text
  39. Not all nutrition claims are perceived equal: anchoring effects and moderating mechanisms in food advertising Paek HJ, Yoon HJ, Hove T · Health communication · 2011 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 21308579
  40. Soluble fiber intake at a dose approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for a claim of health benefits: serum lipid risk factors for cardiovascular disease assessed in a randomized controlled crossover trial Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Vuksan V, et al. · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2002 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 11976156

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