Food Label Evidence

Etiketatzea

Nutri-Score-k benetan benetan aldatzen al du jendeak erosten duen?

Hirurogei. Eragin handiagoa fabrikatzaileek puntuazio hobea lortzeko eraldatzean izan daiteke, eta hori ez da eztabaida gehienetan aztertzen dena.

Eguneratuta 2 min irakurri 32 aipamenak Emaitzen indarra 4/5

Berrikuspenek aurkitzen dutena

2025eko Nutri-Score-ren eraginkortasunaren sistematikoen berrikuspen bat [1] eta pakete aurreko etiketatzeen eraginaren berrikuspen bat [4] bat datoz: etiketek erosketa nahi den norabidean aldatzen dute, eta aldaketa txikia da. Irizpide balidazio lanak [2] galdera desberdin eta aurreko bat aztertzen du — algoritmoak elikagaiak nutrizio zientziak eskatzen duen moduan sailkatzen dituen ala ez — eta erantzuna orokorrean bai da, kasu ezagunekin.

Sistema hauek oinarritzen diren dieta indizeak ere aztertu dira [3], garrantzitsua delako profilatze algoritmo batek nutrienteak pisatzeko zein irizpide eztabaidagarri kodetzen dituen.

Pakete aurreko etiketatzeen eraginak

Ezagunak diren kasuak

Kritikariek oliba olioa, intxaurrak eta gazta intuizioak iradokitzen duen baino puntuazio txarragoa dutela eta dieta edari batzuk ondo puntuatu dutela adierazten dute. Hori dela eta, batzuk justuak dira eta beste batzuk diseinua ulertzen ez dutenak: Nutri-Score-k kategoriaren barruan 100 g bakoitzeko alderatzen du eta ez da elikagai batek dieta osasuntsu batean egon behar duenaren epai bat.

Azken algoritmoen berrikuspenek kasu hauetako batzuk jorratu dituzte. Puntua sakonagoa da: letra bakar batek elikagai baten inguruan dena kodetu ezin du, eta horrela tratatzea okerra da, akats bat baino.

Osasun aldarrikapen batek legeak zer esan nahi duen

EBn, nutrizio eta osasun aldarrikapenak araututa daude: onartutako froga-base batekin baimendutako aldarrikapenak bakarrik ager daitezke, eta bakoitza erabilera baldintza zehatzekin lotuta dago. "Funtzio immune normala laguntzen du" esaldia baimendutako esaldia da, oinarri definitu batekin, ez marketing prosa.

Araututa ez dagoena inguruan den guztia da — irudiak, jatorri hizkuntza, eta "natural" edo "osoko" bezalako terminoak. Araututako aldarrikapena paketean agertzen den gutxienez engainagarriena da.

Galdera ohikoak

Nutri-Score zehatza al da?
Balidazio lanak elikagaiak nutrizio kalitatearekin bat etortzen direla aurkitzen du [2], kasu ezagunekin eta berrikuspenekin.
Zergatik puntuazio txarra du oliba olioak?
Energia-dentsoa da eta 100 g bakoitzeko puntuatu da. Sistema kategoriaren barruan alderatzen da, elikagaiak onak edo txarrak direla adierazi beharrean.
Etiketek portaera aldatzen al dute?
Apal [1][4]. Eraldatzea agian eragin handiagoa da.
Nutri-Score derrigorrezkoa izan behar al da EBn?
Galdera politikoa. Frogek diote "pixka bat laguntzen du eta kalterik ez du egiten", eta hori bi aldeek egiten duten kasua baino ahulagoa da.

Erreferentziak

Hemen azpiko aipamen guztiak PubMed-en edo DOI bidezko jatorrizko peer-reviewed erregistroari lotzen diote. Hemen ez dago mediku aholkurik ordezkatzeko.

  1. Efficacy of phytosterols for reduction of cardiometabolic risk factors: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses and updated dose-response meta-analyses of randomized trials Zurbau A, Haintz L, Chen V, et al. · Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2026 · Meta-analysis DOIPubMed 42275989
  2. Nutri-Score effectiveness in improving consumers' nutrition literacy, food choices, health, and healthy eating pattern adherence: A systematic review Muzzioli L, Scenna D, Frigerio F, et al. · Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · 2025 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 40712552
  3. Criterion validation of nutrient profiling systems: a systematic review and meta-analysis Barrett EM, Afrin H, Rayner M, et al. · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024 · Meta-analysis DOIPubMed 37863430
  4. Dietary indices underpinning front-of-pack nutrition labels and health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies Montericcio A, Bonaccio M, Ghulam A, et al. · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2024 · Meta-analysis DOIPubMed 38145705
  5. The Potential Effectiveness of Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labeling for Improving Population Diets Kelly B, Ng SH, Carrad A, et al. · Annual review of nutrition · 2024 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 38857543
  6. The Potential Effectiveness of Nutrient Declarations and Nutrition and Health Claims for Improving Population Diets Kelly B, Ng SH, Carrad A, et al. · Annual review of nutrition · 2024 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 38857539
  7. Impact of front-of-pack nutrition labelling in consumer understanding and use across socio-economic status: A systematic review Shrestha A, Cullerton K, White KM, et al. · Appetite · 2023 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 37169260
  8. Lifestyle, psychological and socio-demographic drivers in functional food choice: a systematic literature review based on bibliometric and network analysis Zanchini R, Di Vita G, Brun F · International journal of food sciences and nutrition · 2022 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 35264074
  9. A Systematic Review of Salt Reduction Initiatives Around the World: A Midterm Evaluation of Progress Towards the 2025 Global Non-Communicable Diseases Salt Reduction Target Santos JA, Tekle D, Rosewarne E, et al. · Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 33693460Full text
  10. Impact of color-coded and warning nutrition labelling schemes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis Song J, Brown MK, Tan M, et al. · PLoS medicine · 2021 · Meta-analysis DOIPubMed 34610024Full text
  11. Health Benefits of Whey or Colostrum Supplementation in Adults ≥35 Years; a Systematic Review Blair M, Kellow NJ, Dordevic AL, et al. · Nutrients · 2020 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 31979025Full text
  12. The relationship between food label use and dietary intake in adults: A systematic review Anastasiou K, Miller M, Dickinson K · Appetite · 2019 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 31010704
  13. Claimed effects, outcome variables and methods of measurement for health claims proposed under European Community Regulation 1924/2006 in the area of blood glucose and insulin concentrations Martini D, Biasini B, Zavaroni I, et al. · Acta diabetologica · 2018 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 29383587
  14. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: functional foods Crowe KM, Francis C · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · 2013 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 23885705
  15. Review of the efficacy of green tea, isoflavones and aloe vera supplements based on randomised controlled trials Williamson G, Coppens P, Serra-Majem L, et al. · Food & function · 2011 · Systematic review DOIPubMed 21927741
  16. Position of the American Dietetic Association: functional foods Hasler CM, Brown AC · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · 2009 · Clinical guideline DOIPubMed 19338113
  17. Effectiveness of regular oat β-glucan-enriched bread compared with whole-grain wheat bread on long-term glycemic control in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial Hjorth T, Schadow A, Revheim I, et al. · The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 40571100Full text
  18. A randomized controlled trial to test the effects of displaying the Nutri-Score in food advertising on consumer perceptions and intentions to purchase and consume Courbet D, Jacquemier L, Hercberg S, et al. · The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2024 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 38622707Full text
  19. The impact of the nutri-score on food choice: A choice experiment in a Dutch supermarket van den Akker K, Bartelet D, Brouwer L, et al. · Appetite · 2022 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 34453996
  20. Labels Affect Food Choices, but in What Ways? Kühne SJ, Reijnen E, Granja G, et al. · Nutrients · 2022 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 35956380Full text
  21. Nutri-Score and NutrInform Battery: Effects on Performance and Preference in Italian Consumers Fialon M, Serafini M, Galan P, et al. · Nutrients · 2022 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 36079769Full text
  22. Impact of different front-of-pack nutrition labels on online food choices Santos O, Alarcão V, Feteira-Santos R, et al. · Appetite · 2020 · Randomised controlled trial DOIPubMed 32798050
  23. Functional Foods in Modern Nutrition Science: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Public Health Implications Fekete M, Lehoczki A, Kryczyk-Poprawa A, et al. · Nutrients · 2025 · Review DOIPubMed 40647258Full text
  24. Establishing an EU-wide front-of-pack nutrition label: Review of options and model-based evaluation Devaux M, Aldea A, Lerouge A, et al. · Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2024 · Review DOIPubMed 38326224
  25. Towards unified and impactful policies to reduce ultra-processed food consumption and promote healthier eating Popkin BM, Barquera S, Corvalan C, et al. · The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology · 2021 · Review DOIPubMed 33865500Full text
  26. The Influence of Front-of-Package Nutrition Labeling on Consumer Behavior and Product Reformulation Roberto CA, Ng SW, Ganderats-Fuentes M, et al. · Annual review of nutrition · 2021 · Review DOIPubMed 34339293
  27. Impact of Salt Intake on the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Hypertension Rust P, Ekmekcioglu C · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2017 · Review DOIPubMed 27757935
  28. Appetite control: methodological aspects of the evaluation of foods Blundell J, de Graaf C, Hulshof T, et al. · Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2010 · Review DOIPubMed 20122136Full text
  29. Purchase behavior reported by Mexican adults after implementing the front-of-pack warning labels Sagaceta-Mejia J, Durán R, Munguía A, et al. · Salud publica de Mexico · 2025 · Journal article DOIPubMed 41150992
  30. [Nutri-Score: A public health tool validated by science and fought by agri-food lobbies] Hercberg S · Bulletin du cancer · 2024 · Journal article DOIPubMed 38565441
  31. Front-of-pack labels: "Directive" versus "informative" approaches Donini LM, Berry EM, Folkvord F, et al. · Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.) · 2023 · Journal article DOIPubMed 36401998
  32. "Front-of-pack" nutrition labeling Sinu Scientific Board, Sinu Scientific Committee · Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD · 2021 · Journal article DOIPubMed 34565661

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